Built 2026-09-20 (20 September 2026)

Ethiopia Has the Cleanest Electricity Grid, 23 gCO2/kWh in 2025

Among 78 countries generating at least 10 TWh with a valid figure in 2025, Ethiopia had the lowest carbon intensity: 23 gCO2/kWh. Next are Paraguay (25 gCO2/kWh), Iceland (28 gCO2/kWh) and Norway (28 gCO2/kWh). The world average was 459 gCO2/kWh in 2025. Carbon intensity is the CO2 emitted per kilowatt hour of electricity generated, counting lifecycle emissions from every source.

Top 20, 2025

Carbon intensity
Cleanest Electricity Grids: Lowest Carbon Intensity, 2025: top 20
CountryCarbon intensityGeneration
1. Ethiopia23 gCO2/kWh33.4 TWh
2. Paraguay25 gCO2/kWh45.4 TWh
3. Iceland28 gCO2/kWh18.3 TWh
4. Norway28 gCO2/kWh161 TWh
5. Sweden35 gCO2/kWh170 TWh
6. Switzerland39 gCO2/kWh65.0 TWh
7. France41 gCO2/kWh574 TWh
8. Finland57 gCO2/kWh82.2 TWh
9. Kyrgyzstan73 gCO2/kWh12.7 TWh
10. Tajikistan73 gCO2/kWh24.0 TWh
11. Uruguay80 gCO2/kWh12.0 TWh
12. New Zealand93 gCO2/kWh43.3 TWh
13. Slovakia95 gCO2/kWh29.1 TWh
14. Kenya96 gCO2/kWh14.1 TWh
15. Denmark100 gCO2/kWh34.5 TWh
16. Brazil110 gCO2/kWh752 TWh
17. Austria117 gCO2/kWh73.1 TWh
18. Belgium126 gCO2/kWh72.0 TWh
19. Portugal128 gCO2/kWh51.1 TWh
20. Georgia147 gCO2/kWh13.5 TWh

Countries that generated at least 10 TWh in 2025, 79 in this data. Smaller grids are left out so a tiny system does not top every list. Countries with a zero or negative reported intensity are excluded: those are provisional artifacts in Ember's data.

How the Leaders Got Here

2010 to 2025
Carbon intensity of electricity, five cleanest grids Carbon intensity of electricity, five cleanest grids, 2010 to 2025. Ethiopia ends at 23 gCO2/kWh; Paraguay ends at 25 gCO2/kWh; Iceland ends at 28 gCO2/kWh; Norway ends at 28 gCO2/kWh; Sweden ends at 35 gCO2/kWh. 0 20 40 60 80 2010201520202025
Carbon intensity of electricity, five cleanest grids, 2010 to 2025. Ethiopia ends at 23 gCO2/kWh; Paraguay ends at 25 gCO2/kWh; Iceland ends at 28 gCO2/kWh; Norway ends at 28 gCO2/kWh; Sweden ends at 35 gCO2/kWh.
Annual statistics, 2010 to 2025
Carbon intensity of electricity, five cleanest grids
YearEthiopiaParaguayIcelandNorwaySweden
201033 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh27 gCO2/kWh43 gCO2/kWh64 gCO2/kWh
201130 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh27 gCO2/kWh38 gCO2/kWh52 gCO2/kWh
201226 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh32 gCO2/kWh45 gCO2/kWh
201325 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh34 gCO2/kWh45 gCO2/kWh
201424 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh34 gCO2/kWh40 gCO2/kWh
201523 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh27 gCO2/kWh34 gCO2/kWh41 gCO2/kWh
201623 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh33 gCO2/kWh43 gCO2/kWh
201724 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh33 gCO2/kWh42 gCO2/kWh
201824 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh33 gCO2/kWh43 gCO2/kWh
201924 gCO2/kWh24 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh33 gCO2/kWh42 gCO2/kWh
202024 gCO2/kWh25 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh30 gCO2/kWh39 gCO2/kWh
202123 gCO2/kWh25 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh27 gCO2/kWh42 gCO2/kWh
202223 gCO2/kWh25 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh30 gCO2/kWh41 gCO2/kWh
202324 gCO2/kWh25 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh30 gCO2/kWh38 gCO2/kWh
202423 gCO2/kWh25 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh30 gCO2/kWh35 gCO2/kWh
202523 gCO2/kWh25 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh28 gCO2/kWh35 gCO2/kWh

Key Facts

  • Ethiopia had the lowest carbon intensity of any country generating at least 10 TWh in 2025: 23 gCO2/kWh.
  • The world average carbon intensity was 459 gCO2/kWh in 2025, 20 times the cleanest grid.
  • The tenth cleanest grid, Tajikistan, emitted 73 gCO2/kWh in 2025.

Questions About This Ranking

What is carbon intensity?

Carbon intensity is the CO2 emitted per kilowatt hour of electricity generated, counting lifecycle emissions from every source. A lower number means cleaner electricity. Figures here are Ember annual statistics for 2025.

Why are some countries missing from the ranking?

Only countries generating at least 10 TWh are ranked, and countries whose reported intensity is zero or negative are excluded because those values are provisional artifacts in Ember's data.

Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025. Annual statistics from Ember.