Carbon Intensity of Electricity
The world's electricity had a carbon intensity of 459 gCO2/kWh in 2025. Ethiopia was lowest at 23 gCO2/kWh and Uzbekistan highest at 1,000 gCO2/kWh. Carbon intensity is the lifecycle CO2 emitted per kWh of electricity generated, from Ember's annual statistics; each country's figure is for its latest published year.
Key Facts
- The world's electricity had a carbon intensity of 459 gCO2/kWh in 2025.
- Ethiopia was lowest at 23 gCO2/kWh and Uzbekistan highest at 1,000 gCO2/kWh.
- Low carbon sources supplied 42.5% of the world's electricity in 2025.
- 25 of 212 countries had a carbon intensity below 100 gCO2/kWh in their latest reported year, and 12 were above 700 gCO2/kWh.
- Among countries generating at least 100 TWh a year, Norway had the lowest carbon intensity, at 28 gCO2/kWh in 2025.
World and Regions
| Region | Carbon intensity | Low carbon share | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| World | 459 gCO2/kWh | 42.5% | 2025 |
| Europe | 284 gCO2/kWh | 61.0% | 2025 |
| European Union | 210 gCO2/kWh | 71.0% | 2025 |
| North America | 360 gCO2/kWh | 47.3% | 2025 |
| Asia | 546 gCO2/kWh | 36.8% | 2025 |
| Africa | 529 gCO2/kWh | 27.4% | 2025 |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 247 gCO2/kWh | 65.4% | 2025 |
| Oceania | 470 gCO2/kWh | 44.6% | 2025 |
| Middle East | 633 gCO2/kWh | 8.2% | 2025 |
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.
Countries, Lowest to Highest
212 countries with a published intensity above zero| Country | Carbon intensity | Low carbon share | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Central African Republic | 21 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2023 |
| 2. Ethiopia | 23 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 3. Bhutan | 24 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2024 |
| 4. Nepal | 24 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2024 |
| 5. Paraguay | 25 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 6. Albania | 25 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 7. Democratic Republic of the Congo | 28 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2024 |
| 8. Iceland | 28 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 9. Norway | 28 gCO2/kWh | 99% | 2025 |
| 10. Sweden | 35 gCO2/kWh | 99% | 2025 |
| 11. Switzerland | 39 gCO2/kWh | 98% | 2025 |
| 12. France | 41 gCO2/kWh | 95% | 2025 |
| 13. Namibia | 52 gCO2/kWh | 98% | 2024 |
| 14. Malawi | 57 gCO2/kWh | 96% | 2024 |
| 15. Sierra Leone | 57 gCO2/kWh | 95% | 2024 |
| 16. Finland | 57 gCO2/kWh | 96% | 2025 |
| 17. Uganda | 59 gCO2/kWh | 97% | 2024 |
| 18. Kyrgyzstan | 73 gCO2/kWh | 95% | 2025 |
| 19. Tajikistan | 73 gCO2/kWh | 94% | 2025 |
| 20. Uruguay | 80 gCO2/kWh | 98% | 2025 |
| 21. Venezuela | 86 gCO2/kWh | 91% | 2024 |
| 22. New Zealand | 93 gCO2/kWh | 89% | 2025 |
| 23. Slovakia | 95 gCO2/kWh | 85% | 2025 |
| 24. Kenya | 96 gCO2/kWh | 90% | 2025 |
| 25. Denmark | 100 gCO2/kWh | 94% | 2025 |
| 26. Brazil | 110 gCO2/kWh | 89% | 2025 |
| 27. El Salvador | 111 gCO2/kWh | 91% | 2025 |
| 28. Austria | 117 gCO2/kWh | 84% | 2025 |
| 29. Afghanistan | 117 gCO2/kWh | 87% | 2024 |
| 30. Eswatini | 120 gCO2/kWh | 97% | 2024 |
| 31. Luxembourg | 121 gCO2/kWh | 92% | 2025 |
| 32. Zambia | 126 gCO2/kWh | 87% | 2024 |
| 33. Belgium | 126 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2025 |
| 34. Portugal | 128 gCO2/kWh | 81% | 2025 |
| 35. Mozambique | 129 gCO2/kWh | 83% | 2024 |
| 36. Latvia | 135 gCO2/kWh | 74% | 2025 |
| 37. Lithuania | 138 gCO2/kWh | 78% | 2025 |
| 38. Greenland | 138 gCO2/kWh | 83% | 2024 |
| 39. Georgia | 147 gCO2/kWh | 80% | 2025 |
| 40. Spain | 153 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2025 |
| 41. Sudan | 154 gCO2/kWh | 80% | 2024 |
| 42. Croatia | 158 gCO2/kWh | 76% | 2025 |
| 43. Ecuador | 159 gCO2/kWh | 79% | 2025 |
| 44. Hungary | 163 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2025 |
| 45. Belize | 170 gCO2/kWh | 87% | 2024 |
| 46. Guinea | 181 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2024 |
| 47. Slovenia | 182 gCO2/kWh | 79% | 2025 |
| 48. Burundi | 184 gCO2/kWh | 76% | 2024 |
| 49. Angola | 185 gCO2/kWh | 74% | 2024 |
| 50. Colombia | 187 gCO2/kWh | 77% | 2025 |
| 51. Canada | 191 gCO2/kWh | 77% | 2025 |
| 52. Panama | 220 gCO2/kWh | 68% | 2024 |
| 53. United Kingdom | 222 gCO2/kWh | 64% | 2025 |
| 54. Cameroon | 226 gCO2/kWh | 73% | 2024 |
| 55. Laos | 232 gCO2/kWh | 77% | 2024 |
| 56. Peru | 238 gCO2/kWh | 64% | 2025 |
| 57. Armenia | 244 gCO2/kWh | 60% | 2025 |
| 58. Ukraine | 251 gCO2/kWh | 72% | 2022 |
| 59. Netherlands | 254 gCO2/kWh | 54% | 2025 |
| 60. French Guiana | 257 gCO2/kWh | 65% | 2023 |
| 61. Romania | 259 gCO2/kWh | 68% | 2025 |
| 62. Ireland | 263 gCO2/kWh | 48% | 2025 |
| 63. Montenegro | 265 gCO2/kWh | 76% | 2025 |
| 64. Bulgaria | 275 gCO2/kWh | 72% | 2025 |
| 65. Fiji | 276 gCO2/kWh | 63% | 2024 |
| 66. Italy | 284 gCO2/kWh | 49% | 2025 |
| 67. Chile | 291 gCO2/kWh | 66% | 2025 |
| 68. Nicaragua | 300 gCO2/kWh | 62% | 2024 |
| 69. Guatemala | 301 gCO2/kWh | 68% | 2024 |
| 70. Pakistan | 308 gCO2/kWh | 61% | 2025 |
| 71. Liberia | 314 gCO2/kWh | 54% | 2024 |
| 72. Belarus | 316 gCO2/kWh | 40% | 2025 |
| 73. Estonia | 319 gCO2/kWh | 60% | 2025 |
| 74. Honduras | 322 gCO2/kWh | 55% | 2024 |
| 75. Suriname | 323 gCO2/kWh | 53% | 2024 |
| 76. Greece | 325 gCO2/kWh | 48% | 2025 |
| 77. Germany | 334 gCO2/kWh | 58% | 2025 |
| 78. North Korea | 341 gCO2/kWh | 63% | 2024 |
| 79. Argentina | 342 gCO2/kWh | 42% | 2025 |
| 80. Tanzania | 344 gCO2/kWh | 33% | 2024 |
| 81. Cook Islands | 350 gCO2/kWh | 50% | 2024 |
| 82. Faroe Islands | 361 gCO2/kWh | 47% | 2023 |
| 83. Rwanda | 362 gCO2/kWh | 50% | 2024 |
| 84. Sri Lanka | 368 gCO2/kWh | 56% | 2025 |
| 85. Zimbabwe | 384 gCO2/kWh | 57% | 2024 |
| 86. United States | 384 gCO2/kWh | 43% | 2025 |
| 87. Lebanon | 388 gCO2/kWh | 44% | 2024 |
| 88. Reunion | 399 gCO2/kWh | 57% | 2023 |
| 89. Samoa | 400 gCO2/kWh | 44% | 2024 |
| 90. Czechia | 401 gCO2/kWh | 59% | 2025 |
| 91. Cote d'Ivoire | 406 gCO2/kWh | 29% | 2024 |
| 92. North Macedonia | 407 gCO2/kWh | 53% | 2025 |
| 93. South Korea | 417 gCO2/kWh | 40% | 2025 |
| 94. Palestine | 417 gCO2/kWh | 39% | 2024 |
| 95. Togo | 421 gCO2/kWh | 30% | 2024 |
| 96. Djibouti | 430 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2024 |
| 97. Madagascar | 434 gCO2/kWh | 42% | 2024 |
| 98. French Polynesia | 440 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2024 |
| 99. Russia | 447 gCO2/kWh | 36% | 2025 |
| 100. Nigeria | 456 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2025 |
| 101. Vietnam | 459 gCO2/kWh | 46% | 2025 |
| 102. Cabo Verde | 463 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2024 |
| 103. United Arab Emirates | 468 gCO2/kWh | 32% | 2024 |
| 104. Ghana | 469 gCO2/kWh | 36% | 2024 |
| 105. Mexico | 474 gCO2/kWh | 26% | 2025 |
| 106. Macao | 474 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2024 |
| 107. Turkey | 476 gCO2/kWh | 43% | 2025 |
| 108. Japan | 477 gCO2/kWh | 33% | 2025 |
| 109. Malta | 480 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2025 |
| 110. Bolivia | 481 gCO2/kWh | 36% | 2025 |
| 111. Israel | 493 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2025 |
| 112. Guadeloupe | 493 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2023 |
| 113. Singapore | 497 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2025 |
| 114. Cambodia | 499 gCO2/kWh | 41% | 2025 |
| 115. Kiribati | 500 gCO2/kWh | 25% | 2024 |
| 116. Vanuatu | 500 gCO2/kWh | 25% | 2023 |
| 117. Myanmar | 502 gCO2/kWh | 48% | 2024 |
| 118. Cyprus | 505 gCO2/kWh | 25% | 2025 |
| 119. Mauritania | 515 gCO2/kWh | 23% | 2024 |
| 120. Papua New Guinea | 516 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2024 |
| 121. Moldova | 517 gCO2/kWh | 28% | 2025 |
| 122. Australia | 525 gCO2/kWh | 39% | 2025 |
| 123. Gabon | 525 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2024 |
| 124. Thailand | 526 gCO2/kWh | 22% | 2025 |
| 125. Martinique | 526 gCO2/kWh | 26% | 2023 |
| 126. China | 528 gCO2/kWh | 41% | 2025 |
| 127. Jordan | 530 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2024 |
| 128. Somalia | 530 gCO2/kWh | 21% | 2024 |
| 129. Mali | 537 gCO2/kWh | 19% | 2024 |
| 130. Dominican Republic | 538 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2025 |
| 131. Haiti | 540 gCO2/kWh | 19% | 2024 |
| 132. Nauru | 540 gCO2/kWh | 20% | 2024 |
| 133. Senegal | 540 gCO2/kWh | 20% | 2024 |
| 134. Oman | 544 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2025 |
| 135. Aruba | 549 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2024 |
| 136. Egypt | 557 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2025 |
| 137. Tunisia | 560 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2025 |
| 138. Seychelles | 560 gCO2/kWh | 16% | 2024 |
| 139. Burkina Faso | 561 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2024 |
| 140. Jamaica | 562 gCO2/kWh | 13% | 2024 |
| 141. New Caledonia | 564 gCO2/kWh | 27% | 2024 |
| 142. Tonga | 571 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2024 |
| 143. Bosnia and Herzegovina | 572 gCO2/kWh | 43% | 2025 |
| 144. Dominica | 573 gCO2/kWh | 13% | 2023 |
| 145. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 573 gCO2/kWh | 13% | 2024 |
| 146. Benin | 579 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 147. Qatar | 582 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2025 |
| 148. Sao Tome and Principe | 589 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2023 |
| 149. Poland | 591 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2025 |
| 150. Gibraltar | 591 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 151. Eritrea | 591 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2024 |
| 152. Yemen | 591 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2024 |
| 153. Philippines | 595 gCO2/kWh | 23% | 2025 |
| 154. Solomon Islands | 600 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 155. Barbados | 601 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 156. Morocco | 603 gCO2/kWh | 23% | 2025 |
| 157. Saint Kitts and Nevis | 604 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 158. Guam | 605 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 159. Malaysia | 606 gCO2/kWh | 20% | 2025 |
| 160. Antigua and Barbuda | 608 gCO2/kWh | 8% | 2024 |
| 161. Maldives | 615 gCO2/kWh | 7% | 2024 |
| 162. American Samoa | 622 gCO2/kWh | 6% | 2024 |
| 163. Chad | 630 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2024 |
| 164. Cayman Islands | 632 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 165. Algeria | 633 gCO2/kWh | 1% | 2024 |
| 166. Taiwan | 634 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2025 |
| 167. Kuwait | 635 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2025 |
| 168. Turks and Caicos Islands | 637 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 169. Bermuda | 639 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 170. US Virgin Islands | 640 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2023 |
| 171. Guyana | 642 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2024 |
| 172. Azerbaijan | 642 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2025 |
| 173. Mauritius | 642 gCO2/kWh | 18% | 2024 |
| 174. Saint Lucia | 643 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2024 |
| 175. Cuba | 643 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 176. Equatorial Guinea | 643 gCO2/kWh | 27% | 2024 |
| 177. South Sudan | 646 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 178. Bahamas | 652 gCO2/kWh | 1% | 2024 |
| 179. Iran | 656 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2025 |
| 180. Puerto Rico | 656 gCO2/kWh | 6% | 2025 |
| 181. Comoros | 657 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 182. Grenada | 658 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 183. British Virgin Islands | 659 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 184. Gambia | 659 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 185. Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 660 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 186. Guinea-Bissau | 663 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 187. Timor-Leste | 667 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 188. Western Sahara | 667 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2009 |
| 189. Niger | 671 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2024 |
| 190. India | 671 gCO2/kWh | 27% | 2025 |
| 191. Hong Kong | 676 gCO2/kWh | 1% | 2024 |
| 192. Indonesia | 681 gCO2/kWh | 18% | 2024 |
| 193. Trinidad and Tobago | 681 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 194. Iraq | 683 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 195. Saudi Arabia | 692 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 196. Serbia | 696 gCO2/kWh | 28% | 2025 |
| 197. Bangladesh | 696 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2025 |
| 198. South Africa | 699 gCO2/kWh | 18% | 2025 |
| 199. Falkland Islands | 700 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 200. Montserrat | 700 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 201. Syria | 706 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 202. Republic of the Congo | 716 gCO2/kWh | 21% | 2024 |
| 203. Kazakhstan | 813 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2025 |
| 204. Mongolia | 822 gCO2/kWh | 8% | 2025 |
| 205. Libya | 827 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 206. Botswana | 852 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 207. Brunei | 893 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 208. Kosovo | 902 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2025 |
| 209. Bahrain | 902 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 210. Uzbekistan | 1,000 gCO2/kWh | 19% | 2025 |
| 211. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | 1,000 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 212. Turkmenistan | 1,306 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
Countries whose latest published intensity is zero or below (a provisional artefact of negative emissions for some fuels) are left out of the ranking.
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.