Carbon Intensity of Electricity
The world's electricity had a carbon intensity of 460 gCO2/kWh in 2025. Ethiopia was lowest at 23 gCO2/kWh and Uzbekistan highest at 1,000 gCO2/kWh. Carbon intensity is the lifecycle CO2 emitted per kWh of electricity generated, from Ember's annual statistics; each country's figure is for its latest published year.
Key Facts
- The world's electricity had a carbon intensity of 460 gCO2/kWh in 2025.
- Ethiopia was lowest at 23 gCO2/kWh and Uzbekistan highest at 1,000 gCO2/kWh.
- Low carbon sources supplied 42.3% of the world's electricity in 2025.
- 26 of 213 countries had a carbon intensity below 100 gCO2/kWh in their latest reported year, and 13 were above 700 gCO2/kWh.
- Among countries generating at least 100 TWh a year, Norway had the lowest carbon intensity, at 28 gCO2/kWh in 2025.
World and Regions
| Region | Carbon intensity | Low carbon share | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| World | 460 gCO2/kWh | 42.3% | 2025 |
| Europe | 284 gCO2/kWh | 61.0% | 2025 |
| European Union | 211 gCO2/kWh | 70.9% | 2025 |
| North America | 360 gCO2/kWh | 47.3% | 2025 |
| Asia | 548 gCO2/kWh | 36.6% | 2025 |
| Africa | 529 gCO2/kWh | 27.5% | 2025 |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 252 gCO2/kWh | 64.5% | 2025 |
| Oceania | 464 gCO2/kWh | 45.5% | 2025 |
| Middle East | 632 gCO2/kWh | 8.3% | 2025 |
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.
Countries, Lowest to Highest
213 countries with a published intensity above zero| Country | Carbon intensity | Low carbon share | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Central African Republic | 21 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2023 |
| 2. Ethiopia | 23 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 3. Bhutan | 24 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2024 |
| 4. Nepal | 24 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2024 |
| 5. Costa Rica | 25 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 6. Paraguay | 25 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 7. Albania | 25 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 8. Democratic Republic of the Congo | 28 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2024 |
| 9. Iceland | 28 gCO2/kWh | 100% | 2025 |
| 10. Norway | 28 gCO2/kWh | 99% | 2025 |
| 11. Sweden | 35 gCO2/kWh | 99% | 2025 |
| 12. Switzerland | 39 gCO2/kWh | 98% | 2025 |
| 13. France | 41 gCO2/kWh | 95% | 2025 |
| 14. Namibia | 52 gCO2/kWh | 98% | 2024 |
| 15. Malawi | 57 gCO2/kWh | 96% | 2024 |
| 16. Sierra Leone | 57 gCO2/kWh | 95% | 2024 |
| 17. Uganda | 59 gCO2/kWh | 97% | 2024 |
| 18. Finland | 59 gCO2/kWh | 96% | 2025 |
| 19. Tajikistan | 73 gCO2/kWh | 94% | 2025 |
| 20. Kyrgyzstan | 80 gCO2/kWh | 93% | 2025 |
| 21. Uruguay | 81 gCO2/kWh | 98% | 2025 |
| 22. Venezuela | 86 gCO2/kWh | 91% | 2024 |
| 23. Slovakia | 95 gCO2/kWh | 85% | 2025 |
| 24. Kenya | 96 gCO2/kWh | 90% | 2025 |
| 25. New Zealand | 97 gCO2/kWh | 88% | 2025 |
| 26. El Salvador | 98 gCO2/kWh | 93% | 2025 |
| 27. Brazil | 109 gCO2/kWh | 89% | 2025 |
| 28. Austria | 117 gCO2/kWh | 84% | 2025 |
| 29. Afghanistan | 117 gCO2/kWh | 87% | 2024 |
| 30. Luxembourg | 118 gCO2/kWh | 91% | 2025 |
| 31. Denmark | 120 gCO2/kWh | 91% | 2025 |
| 32. Eswatini | 120 gCO2/kWh | 97% | 2024 |
| 33. Zambia | 126 gCO2/kWh | 87% | 2024 |
| 34. Portugal | 128 gCO2/kWh | 81% | 2025 |
| 35. Mozambique | 129 gCO2/kWh | 83% | 2024 |
| 36. Latvia | 135 gCO2/kWh | 74% | 2025 |
| 37. Lithuania | 138 gCO2/kWh | 78% | 2025 |
| 38. Greenland | 138 gCO2/kWh | 83% | 2024 |
| 39. Georgia | 147 gCO2/kWh | 80% | 2025 |
| 40. Belgium | 151 gCO2/kWh | 72% | 2025 |
| 41. Spain | 154 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2025 |
| 42. Sudan | 154 gCO2/kWh | 80% | 2024 |
| 43. Ecuador | 158 gCO2/kWh | 79% | 2025 |
| 44. Croatia | 159 gCO2/kWh | 76% | 2025 |
| 45. Hungary | 162 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2025 |
| 46. Belize | 170 gCO2/kWh | 87% | 2024 |
| 47. Guinea | 181 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2024 |
| 48. Slovenia | 183 gCO2/kWh | 79% | 2025 |
| 49. Burundi | 184 gCO2/kWh | 76% | 2024 |
| 50. Angola | 185 gCO2/kWh | 74% | 2024 |
| 51. Colombia | 186 gCO2/kWh | 77% | 2025 |
| 52. Canada | 192 gCO2/kWh | 76% | 2025 |
| 53. United Kingdom | 218 gCO2/kWh | 64% | 2025 |
| 54. Panama | 220 gCO2/kWh | 68% | 2024 |
| 55. Cameroon | 226 gCO2/kWh | 73% | 2024 |
| 56. Laos | 232 gCO2/kWh | 77% | 2024 |
| 57. Peru | 238 gCO2/kWh | 64% | 2025 |
| 58. Armenia | 244 gCO2/kWh | 60% | 2025 |
| 59. Ukraine | 251 gCO2/kWh | 72% | 2022 |
| 60. Netherlands | 254 gCO2/kWh | 54% | 2025 |
| 61. French Guiana | 257 gCO2/kWh | 65% | 2023 |
| 62. Romania | 258 gCO2/kWh | 68% | 2025 |
| 63. Ireland | 271 gCO2/kWh | 47% | 2025 |
| 64. Montenegro | 275 gCO2/kWh | 75% | 2025 |
| 65. Bulgaria | 275 gCO2/kWh | 72% | 2025 |
| 66. Fiji | 276 gCO2/kWh | 63% | 2024 |
| 67. Italy | 285 gCO2/kWh | 49% | 2025 |
| 68. Chile | 291 gCO2/kWh | 66% | 2025 |
| 69. Nicaragua | 300 gCO2/kWh | 62% | 2024 |
| 70. Guatemala | 301 gCO2/kWh | 68% | 2024 |
| 71. Pakistan | 308 gCO2/kWh | 61% | 2025 |
| 72. Liberia | 314 gCO2/kWh | 54% | 2024 |
| 73. Belarus | 315 gCO2/kWh | 40% | 2025 |
| 74. Estonia | 319 gCO2/kWh | 60% | 2025 |
| 75. Honduras | 322 gCO2/kWh | 55% | 2024 |
| 76. Suriname | 323 gCO2/kWh | 53% | 2024 |
| 77. Greece | 325 gCO2/kWh | 48% | 2025 |
| 78. Germany | 334 gCO2/kWh | 58% | 2025 |
| 79. North Korea | 341 gCO2/kWh | 63% | 2024 |
| 80. Tanzania | 344 gCO2/kWh | 33% | 2024 |
| 81. Argentina | 346 gCO2/kWh | 41% | 2025 |
| 82. Cook Islands | 350 gCO2/kWh | 50% | 2024 |
| 83. Sri Lanka | 352 gCO2/kWh | 58% | 2025 |
| 84. Faroe Islands | 361 gCO2/kWh | 47% | 2023 |
| 85. Rwanda | 362 gCO2/kWh | 50% | 2024 |
| 86. Zimbabwe | 384 gCO2/kWh | 57% | 2024 |
| 87. United States | 384 gCO2/kWh | 43% | 2025 |
| 88. Lebanon | 388 gCO2/kWh | 44% | 2024 |
| 89. Reunion | 399 gCO2/kWh | 57% | 2023 |
| 90. Samoa | 400 gCO2/kWh | 44% | 2024 |
| 91. Czechia | 401 gCO2/kWh | 59% | 2025 |
| 92. Cote d'Ivoire | 406 gCO2/kWh | 29% | 2024 |
| 93. Palestine | 417 gCO2/kWh | 39% | 2024 |
| 94. South Korea | 418 gCO2/kWh | 40% | 2025 |
| 95. Togo | 421 gCO2/kWh | 30% | 2024 |
| 96. North Macedonia | 426 gCO2/kWh | 51% | 2025 |
| 97. Djibouti | 430 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2024 |
| 98. Madagascar | 434 gCO2/kWh | 42% | 2024 |
| 99. French Polynesia | 440 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2024 |
| 100. Russia | 447 gCO2/kWh | 36% | 2025 |
| 101. Nigeria | 452 gCO2/kWh | 32% | 2025 |
| 102. Vietnam | 459 gCO2/kWh | 46% | 2025 |
| 103. Cabo Verde | 463 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2024 |
| 104. Ghana | 469 gCO2/kWh | 36% | 2024 |
| 105. United Arab Emirates | 470 gCO2/kWh | 32% | 2025 |
| 106. Japan | 474 gCO2/kWh | 33% | 2025 |
| 107. Macao | 474 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2024 |
| 108. Turkey | 476 gCO2/kWh | 43% | 2025 |
| 109. Bolivia | 481 gCO2/kWh | 36% | 2025 |
| 110. Mexico | 481 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2025 |
| 111. Malta | 483 gCO2/kWh | 16% | 2025 |
| 112. Israel | 493 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2025 |
| 113. Guadeloupe | 493 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2023 |
| 114. Singapore | 497 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2025 |
| 115. Cambodia | 499 gCO2/kWh | 41% | 2025 |
| 116. Kiribati | 500 gCO2/kWh | 25% | 2024 |
| 117. Vanuatu | 500 gCO2/kWh | 25% | 2023 |
| 118. Myanmar | 502 gCO2/kWh | 48% | 2024 |
| 119. Cyprus | 505 gCO2/kWh | 25% | 2025 |
| 120. Moldova | 514 gCO2/kWh | 28% | 2025 |
| 121. Mauritania | 515 gCO2/kWh | 23% | 2024 |
| 122. Papua New Guinea | 516 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2024 |
| 123. Australia | 518 gCO2/kWh | 40% | 2025 |
| 124. Gabon | 525 gCO2/kWh | 35% | 2024 |
| 125. Thailand | 526 gCO2/kWh | 22% | 2025 |
| 126. Martinique | 526 gCO2/kWh | 26% | 2023 |
| 127. China | 528 gCO2/kWh | 41% | 2025 |
| 128. Jordan | 530 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2024 |
| 129. Somalia | 530 gCO2/kWh | 21% | 2024 |
| 130. Mali | 537 gCO2/kWh | 19% | 2024 |
| 131. Dominican Republic | 538 gCO2/kWh | 24% | 2025 |
| 132. Haiti | 540 gCO2/kWh | 19% | 2024 |
| 133. Nauru | 540 gCO2/kWh | 20% | 2024 |
| 134. Senegal | 540 gCO2/kWh | 20% | 2024 |
| 135. Oman | 541 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2025 |
| 136. Aruba | 549 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2024 |
| 137. Egypt | 557 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2025 |
| 138. Seychelles | 560 gCO2/kWh | 16% | 2024 |
| 139. Burkina Faso | 561 gCO2/kWh | 17% | 2024 |
| 140. Tunisia | 562 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2025 |
| 141. Jamaica | 562 gCO2/kWh | 13% | 2024 |
| 142. New Caledonia | 564 gCO2/kWh | 27% | 2024 |
| 143. Tonga | 571 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2024 |
| 144. Bosnia and Herzegovina | 573 gCO2/kWh | 43% | 2025 |
| 145. Dominica | 573 gCO2/kWh | 13% | 2023 |
| 146. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 573 gCO2/kWh | 13% | 2024 |
| 147. Benin | 579 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 148. Qatar | 582 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2025 |
| 149. Sao Tome and Principe | 589 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2023 |
| 150. Poland | 591 gCO2/kWh | 31% | 2025 |
| 151. Gibraltar | 591 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 152. Eritrea | 591 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2024 |
| 153. Yemen | 591 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2024 |
| 154. Philippines | 595 gCO2/kWh | 23% | 2025 |
| 155. Solomon Islands | 600 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 156. Barbados | 601 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 157. Morocco | 603 gCO2/kWh | 23% | 2025 |
| 158. Saint Kitts and Nevis | 604 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 159. Guam | 605 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2024 |
| 160. Malaysia | 606 gCO2/kWh | 20% | 2025 |
| 161. Antigua and Barbuda | 608 gCO2/kWh | 8% | 2024 |
| 162. Maldives | 615 gCO2/kWh | 7% | 2024 |
| 163. American Samoa | 622 gCO2/kWh | 6% | 2024 |
| 164. Chad | 630 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2024 |
| 165. Cayman Islands | 632 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 166. Algeria | 633 gCO2/kWh | 1% | 2024 |
| 167. Taiwan | 634 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2025 |
| 168. Kuwait | 635 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2025 |
| 169. Turks and Caicos Islands | 637 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 170. Azerbaijan | 639 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2025 |
| 171. Bermuda | 639 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 172. US Virgin Islands | 640 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2023 |
| 173. Guyana | 642 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2024 |
| 174. Mauritius | 642 gCO2/kWh | 18% | 2024 |
| 175. Saint Lucia | 643 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2024 |
| 176. Cuba | 643 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 177. Equatorial Guinea | 643 gCO2/kWh | 27% | 2024 |
| 178. South Sudan | 646 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 179. Bahamas | 652 gCO2/kWh | 1% | 2024 |
| 180. Iran | 656 gCO2/kWh | 5% | 2025 |
| 181. Puerto Rico | 656 gCO2/kWh | 6% | 2025 |
| 182. Comoros | 657 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 183. Grenada | 658 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 184. British Virgin Islands | 659 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 185. Gambia | 659 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 186. Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 660 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 187. Guinea-Bissau | 663 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 188. Timor-Leste | 667 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 189. Western Sahara | 667 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2009 |
| 190. Niger | 671 gCO2/kWh | 3% | 2024 |
| 191. India | 671 gCO2/kWh | 27% | 2025 |
| 192. Hong Kong | 676 gCO2/kWh | 1% | 2024 |
| 193. Saudi Arabia | 680 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2025 |
| 194. Trinidad and Tobago | 681 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 195. Iraq | 683 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2024 |
| 196. Serbia | 696 gCO2/kWh | 28% | 2025 |
| 197. Bangladesh | 696 gCO2/kWh | 2% | 2025 |
| 198. South Africa | 699 gCO2/kWh | 18% | 2025 |
| 199. Falkland Islands | 700 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 200. Montserrat | 700 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 201. Indonesia | 705 gCO2/kWh | 16% | 2025 |
| 202. Syria | 706 gCO2/kWh | 4% | 2024 |
| 203. Republic of the Congo | 716 gCO2/kWh | 21% | 2024 |
| 204. Kazakhstan | 813 gCO2/kWh | 14% | 2025 |
| 205. Mongolia | 820 gCO2/kWh | 9% | 2025 |
| 206. Libya | 827 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 207. Botswana | 852 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 208. Brunei | 893 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 209. Bahrain | 902 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
| 210. Kosovo | 906 gCO2/kWh | 11% | 2025 |
| 211. Uzbekistan | 1,000 gCO2/kWh | 19% | 2025 |
| 212. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | 1,000 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2023 |
| 213. Turkmenistan | 1,306 gCO2/kWh | 0% | 2024 |
Countries whose latest published intensity is zero or below (a provisional artefact of negative emissions for some fuels) are left out of the ranking.
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.
Related
Cite this page
APA 7
World Power Monitor. (2025). Carbon Intensity of Electricity by Country. https://worldpowermonitor.com/carbon/
Plain text
World Power Monitor. Carbon Intensity of Electricity by Country. Data as of 2025. Data from Ember. https://worldpowermonitor.com/carbon/
BibTeX
@misc{wpm_carbon_2025,
title = {{Carbon Intensity of Electricity by Country}},
author = {{World Power Monitor}},
year = {2025},
note = {Data as of 2025. Data from Ember.},
url = {https://worldpowermonitor.com/carbon/}
} Permalink: https://worldpowermonitor.com/carbon/
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