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Built 2026-11-05 (5 November 2026)

Estonia vs North Macedonia: Electricity Compared

Estonia generated 6.14 TWh of electricity in 2025 and North Macedonia 7.11 TWh, according to Ember. Estonia's largest source was other fossil (38.9%); North Macedonia's was coal (30.7%). Each kWh generated emitted 319 gCO2/kWh in Estonia and 426 gCO2/kWh in North Macedonia. These are Ember annual statistics for 2025, compiled from national sources; they are not real time.

Who is bigger and who is cleaner? North Macedonia is the bigger electricity producer, generating 1.2 times as much as Estonia in 2025 (7.11 TWh against 6.14 TWh). Estonia has the cleaner electricity by carbon intensity, at 319 gCO2/kWh against 426 gCO2/kWh in North Macedonia in 2025.

Why this comparison: similar electricity demand on the same continent.

Open this comparison in the interactive tool to add more countries or change the metric.

Key Facts

  • Other fossil supplied 38.9% of Estonia's electricity in 2025, against 2.4% in North Macedonia.
  • Electricity demand rose 5% in North Macedonia between 2020 and 2025, while it fell 9% in Estonia.
  • Low carbon sources supplied 59.8% of Estonia's electricity in 2025 and 50.8% of North Macedonia's.
  • Electricity demand in 2025 was 8.85 TWh in Estonia and 8.03 TWh in North Macedonia.

Key Figures, 2025

Ember annual statistics
Measure Estonia North Macedonia
Total generation6.14 TWh7.11 TWh
Electricity demand8.85 TWh8.03 TWh
Demand per person6.62 MWh4.68 MWh
Carbon intensity319 gCO2/kWh426 gCO2/kWh
Power sector emissions1.96 MtCO23.03 MtCO2
Low carbon share59.8%50.8%
Largest sourceOther fossil 38.9%Coal 30.7%

Generation Mix, 2025

Share of generation
Source Estonia North Macedonia
Other fossil 38.9% 2.4%
Coal 0.0% 30.7%
Solar 18.9% 28.2%
Bioenergy 21.8% 0.8%
Wind 18.6% 3.9%
Hydro 0.5% 17.9%
Gas 1.3% 16.2%

Carbon Intensity, 1990 to 2025

Ember annual statistics
Carbon intensity of electricity in Estonia and North Macedonia, 1990 to 2025 Carbon intensity of electricity generated in Estonia and North Macedonia each year from 1990 to 2025, in gCO2/kWh. In 2025 it was 319 gCO2/kWh in Estonia and 426 gCO2/kWh in North Macedonia. 0 250 500 750 1,000 19901995200020052010201520202025
Carbon intensity of electricity generated in Estonia and North Macedonia each year from 1990 to 2025, in gCO2/kWh. In 2025 it was 319 gCO2/kWh in Estonia and 426 gCO2/kWh in North Macedonia.
Annual statistics through 2025, gCO2/kWh
Carbon intensity of electricity in Estonia and North Macedonia, 1990 to 2025
YearEstoniaNorth Macedonia
1990640 gCO2/kWh925 gCO2/kWh
1991636 gCO2/kWh866 gCO2/kWh
1992650 gCO2/kWh873 gCO2/kWh
1993653 gCO2/kWh910 gCO2/kWh
1994650 gCO2/kWh898 gCO2/kWh
1995648 gCO2/kWh884 gCO2/kWh
1996648 gCO2/kWh885 gCO2/kWh
1997648 gCO2/kWh879 gCO2/kWh
1998647 gCO2/kWh861 gCO2/kWh
1999648 gCO2/kWh813 gCO2/kWh
2000634 gCO2/kWh823 gCO2/kWh
2001633 gCO2/kWh908 gCO2/kWh
2002636 gCO2/kWh879 gCO2/kWh
2003639 gCO2/kWh813 gCO2/kWh
2004639 gCO2/kWh794 gCO2/kWh
2005634 gCO2/kWh802 gCO2/kWh
2006632 gCO2/kWh769 gCO2/kWh
2007642 gCO2/kWh835 gCO2/kWh
2008634 gCO2/kWh873 gCO2/kWh
2009621 gCO2/kWh818 gCO2/kWh
2010610 gCO2/kWh678 gCO2/kWh
2011605 gCO2/kWh795 gCO2/kWh
2012592 gCO2/kWh820 gCO2/kWh
2013606 gCO2/kWh719 gCO2/kWh
2014597 gCO2/kWh748 gCO2/kWh
2015573 gCO2/kWh634 gCO2/kWh
2016588 gCO2/kWh592 gCO2/kWh
2017583 gCO2/kWh705 gCO2/kWh
2018574 gCO2/kWh597 gCO2/kWh
2019511 gCO2/kWh701 gCO2/kWh
2020404 gCO2/kWh624 gCO2/kWh
2021450 gCO2/kWh565 gCO2/kWh
2022487 gCO2/kWh626 gCO2/kWh
2023395 gCO2/kWh567 gCO2/kWh
2024344 gCO2/kWh512 gCO2/kWh
2025319 gCO2/kWh426 gCO2/kWh

Demand per Person, 1990 to 2025

Ember annual statistics
Electricity demand per person in Estonia and North Macedonia, 1990 to 2025 Electricity demand per person in Estonia and North Macedonia each year from 1990 to 2025, in MWh. In 2025 it was 6.62 MWh in Estonia and 4.68 MWh in North Macedonia. 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 19901995200020052010201520202025
Electricity demand per person in Estonia and North Macedonia each year from 1990 to 2025, in MWh. In 2025 it was 6.62 MWh in Estonia and 4.68 MWh in North Macedonia.
Annual statistics through 2025, MWh
Electricity demand per person in Estonia and North Macedonia, 1990 to 2025
YearEstoniaNorth Macedonia
1990n/an/a
1991n/an/a
1992n/an/a
1993n/an/a
1994n/an/a
1995n/an/a
1996n/an/a
1997n/an/a
1998n/an/a
1999n/an/a
20005.43 MWh3.36 MWh
20015.67 MWh3.29 MWh
20025.68 MWh3.32 MWh
20036.03 MWh3.69 MWh
20046.25 MWh3.76 MWh
20056.34 MWh4.09 MWh
20066.67 MWh4.21 MWh
20077.28 MWh4.32 MWh
20087.21 MWh4.37 MWh
20096.64 MWh4.01 MWh
20107.30 MWh4.23 MWh
20117.03 MWh4.63 MWh
20127.35 MWh4.41 MWh
20137.35 MWh4.23 MWh
20147.38 MWh4.18 MWh
20157.02 MWh4.12 MWh
20167.70 MWh3.91 MWh
20177.92 MWh3.91 MWh
20187.92 MWh3.92 MWh
20197.36 MWh4.06 MWh
20207.31 MWh4.10 MWh
20217.37 MWh4.33 MWh
20227.37 MWh3.99 MWh
20236.61 MWh3.85 MWh
20246.75 MWh3.85 MWh
20256.62 MWh4.68 MWh

Estonia history · North Macedonia history

Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.

Cite this page
APA 7

World Power Monitor. (2025). Estonia vs North Macedonia: Electricity Compared. https://worldpowermonitor.com/compare/estonia-vs-north-macedonia/

Plain text

World Power Monitor. Estonia vs North Macedonia: Electricity Compared. Data as of 2025. Data from Ember. https://worldpowermonitor.com/compare/estonia-vs-north-macedonia/

BibTeX 
@misc{wpm_compare_estonia_vs_north_macedonia_2025,
  title = {{Estonia vs North Macedonia: Electricity Compared}},
  author = {{World Power Monitor}},
  year = {2025},
  note = {Data as of 2025. Data from Ember.},
  url = {https://worldpowermonitor.com/compare/estonia-vs-north-macedonia/}
}

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