Estonia vs Russia: Electricity Compared
Estonia generated 6.14 TWh of electricity in 2025 and Russia 1,194 TWh, according to Ember. Estonia's largest source was other fossil (38.9%); Russia's was gas (45.6%). Each kWh generated emitted 319 gCO2/kWh in Estonia and 447 gCO2/kWh in Russia. These are Ember annual statistics for 2025, compiled from national sources; they are not real time.
Why this comparison: neighbours by land border or interconnector.
Key Facts
- Gas supplied 45.6% of Russia's electricity in 2025, against 1.3% in Estonia.
- Electricity demand rose 10% in Russia between 2020 and 2025, while it fell 9% in Estonia.
- Carbon intensity rose 7% in Russia between 2020 and 2025, while it fell 21% in Estonia.
- Low carbon sources supplied 59.8% of Estonia's electricity in 2025 and 35.7% of Russia's.
- Electricity demand in 2025 was 8.85 TWh in Estonia and 1,178 TWh in Russia.
Key Figures, 2025
Ember annual statistics| Measure | Estonia | Russia |
|---|---|---|
| Total generation | 6.14 TWh | 1,194 TWh |
| Electricity demand | 8.85 TWh | 1,178 TWh |
| Demand per person | 6.62 MWh | 8.17 MWh |
| Carbon intensity | 319 gCO2/kWh | 447 gCO2/kWh |
| Power sector emissions | 1.96 MtCO2 | 534 MtCO2 |
| Low carbon share | 59.8% | 35.7% |
| Largest source | Other fossil 38.9% | Gas 45.6% |
Generation Mix, 2025
Share of generationCarbon Intensity, 1985 to 2025
Ember annual statisticsAnnual statistics through 2025, gCO2/kWh
| Year | Estonia | Russia |
|---|---|---|
| 1985 | n/a | 492 gCO2/kWh |
| 1986 | n/a | 492 gCO2/kWh |
| 1987 | n/a | 489 gCO2/kWh |
| 1988 | n/a | 486 gCO2/kWh |
| 1989 | n/a | 488 gCO2/kWh |
| 1990 | 640 gCO2/kWh | 496 gCO2/kWh |
| 1991 | 636 gCO2/kWh | 492 gCO2/kWh |
| 1992 | 650 gCO2/kWh | 483 gCO2/kWh |
| 1993 | 653 gCO2/kWh | 473 gCO2/kWh |
| 1994 | 650 gCO2/kWh | 481 gCO2/kWh |
| 1995 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 477 gCO2/kWh |
| 1996 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 482 gCO2/kWh |
| 1997 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 477 gCO2/kWh |
| 1998 | 647 gCO2/kWh | 482 gCO2/kWh |
| 1999 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 468 gCO2/kWh |
| 2000 | 634 gCO2/kWh | 470 gCO2/kWh |
| 2001 | 633 gCO2/kWh | 458 gCO2/kWh |
| 2002 | 636 gCO2/kWh | 463 gCO2/kWh |
| 2003 | 639 gCO2/kWh | 465 gCO2/kWh |
| 2004 | 639 gCO2/kWh | 454 gCO2/kWh |
| 2005 | 634 gCO2/kWh | 457 gCO2/kWh |
| 2006 | 632 gCO2/kWh | 463 gCO2/kWh |
| 2007 | 642 gCO2/kWh | 458 gCO2/kWh |
| 2008 | 634 gCO2/kWh | 475 gCO2/kWh |
| 2009 | 621 gCO2/kWh | 452 gCO2/kWh |
| 2010 | 610 gCO2/kWh | 458 gCO2/kWh |
| 2011 | 605 gCO2/kWh | 461 gCO2/kWh |
| 2012 | 592 gCO2/kWh | 462 gCO2/kWh |
| 2013 | 606 gCO2/kWh | 450 gCO2/kWh |
| 2014 | 597 gCO2/kWh | 449 gCO2/kWh |
| 2015 | 573 gCO2/kWh | 444 gCO2/kWh |
| 2016 | 588 gCO2/kWh | 443 gCO2/kWh |
| 2017 | 583 gCO2/kWh | 440 gCO2/kWh |
| 2018 | 574 gCO2/kWh | 439 gCO2/kWh |
| 2019 | 511 gCO2/kWh | 440 gCO2/kWh |
| 2020 | 404 gCO2/kWh | 418 gCO2/kWh |
| 2021 | 450 gCO2/kWh | 427 gCO2/kWh |
| 2022 | 487 gCO2/kWh | 443 gCO2/kWh |
| 2023 | 395 gCO2/kWh | 447 gCO2/kWh |
| 2024 | 344 gCO2/kWh | 444 gCO2/kWh |
| 2025 | 319 gCO2/kWh | 447 gCO2/kWh |
Demand per Person, 1985 to 2025
Ember annual statisticsAnnual statistics through 2025, MWh
| Year | Estonia | Russia |
|---|---|---|
| 1985 | n/a | n/a |
| 1986 | n/a | n/a |
| 1987 | n/a | n/a |
| 1988 | n/a | n/a |
| 1989 | n/a | n/a |
| 1990 | n/a | n/a |
| 1991 | n/a | n/a |
| 1992 | n/a | n/a |
| 1993 | n/a | n/a |
| 1994 | n/a | n/a |
| 1995 | n/a | n/a |
| 1996 | n/a | n/a |
| 1997 | n/a | n/a |
| 1998 | n/a | n/a |
| 1999 | n/a | n/a |
| 2000 | 5.43 MWh | 5.89 MWh |
| 2001 | 5.67 MWh | 5.99 MWh |
| 2002 | 5.68 MWh | 6.02 MWh |
| 2003 | 6.03 MWh | 6.19 MWh |
| 2004 | 6.25 MWh | 6.37 MWh |
| 2005 | 6.34 MWh | 6.51 MWh |
| 2006 | 6.67 MWh | 6.78 MWh |
| 2007 | 7.28 MWh | 6.99 MWh |
| 2008 | 7.21 MWh | 7.11 MWh |
| 2009 | 6.64 MWh | 6.80 MWh |
| 2010 | 7.30 MWh | 7.09 MWh |
| 2011 | 7.03 MWh | 7.17 MWh |
| 2012 | 7.35 MWh | 7.30 MWh |
| 2013 | 7.35 MWh | 7.23 MWh |
| 2014 | 7.38 MWh | 7.29 MWh |
| 2015 | 7.02 MWh | 7.27 MWh |
| 2016 | 7.70 MWh | 7.38 MWh |
| 2017 | 7.92 MWh | 7.39 MWh |
| 2018 | 7.92 MWh | 7.49 MWh |
| 2019 | 7.36 MWh | 7.51 MWh |
| 2020 | 7.31 MWh | 7.34 MWh |
| 2021 | 7.37 MWh | 7.79 MWh |
| 2022 | 7.37 MWh | 7.90 MWh |
| 2023 | 6.61 MWh | 7.99 MWh |
| 2024 | 6.75 MWh | 8.24 MWh |
| 2025 | 6.62 MWh | 8.17 MWh |
Estonia history · Russia history
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.