Decoupling: 29 of 151 Countries Grew Power Demand While Cutting CO2
Over the 10 years to 2024 or 2025, 29 of 151 countries grew electricity demand while cutting power sector CO2 (absolute decoupling), 35 grew demand with emissions flat or rising more slowly (relative decoupling), 50 are still coupled and 37 did not grow demand. Over the last 5 years 35 of 153 decoupled in absolute terms and 46 are coupled. The largest absolute decoupler by demand added is the United States. The world as a whole, 2015 to 2025: demand +33%, power sector CO2 +15% (relative decoupling). Data as of 2025, Ember annual statistics.
Of the 215 countries in the export, 153 are included. 62 were left out: 18 whose latest year is before 2024, 42 that generated under 1 TWh and 2 with under 1 TWh of demand at the start or end of the window. 151 have a 10 year window and 153 a 5 year window. Windows end in each country's own latest Ember year (2024 or 2025).
Cut CO2 as demand grew, 10 years29 of 15119% of countries
Same, last 5 years35 of 15323% of countries
Still coupled, 10 years5046 over 5 years
World, 2015 to 2025Demand +33%CO2 +15%
Key Facts
- 29 of 151 countries (19%) grew electricity demand while cutting power sector CO2 over the 10 years to 2024 or 2025.
- 35 of 153 countries (23%) did so over the last 5 years to 2024 or 2025.
- 50 of 151 countries are still coupled over 10 years: demand grew and emissions rose at least 80% as fast.
- The largest absolute decouplers by demand added over 10 years: the United States (demand +9.2% and CO2 -16%, 2015 to 2025; +381 TWh of demand); Brazil (demand +26% and CO2 -24%, 2015 to 2025; +160 TWh of demand); Australia (demand +13% and CO2 -20%, 2015 to 2025; +31.9 TWh of demand).
- The largest increases in power sector CO2 among coupled countries over 10 years: Indonesia (demand +118% and CO2 +120%, 2015 to 2025; +203 MtCO2); Iran (demand +43% and CO2 +43%, 2015 to 2025; +79 MtCO2); Saudi Arabia (demand +34% and CO2 +32%, 2015 to 2025; +77 MtCO2).
- 7 countries were coupled or only relatively decoupled over 10 years but decoupled in absolute terms over the last 5 years.
- 5 countries decoupled in absolute terms over 10 years but not over the last 5 years.
- World, 2015 to 2025: electricity demand +33% and power sector CO2 +15%.
- Classes use annual rates: growing demand is more than 0.25 percent a year; emissions must fall by more than 0.25 percent a year for absolute decoupling. No GDP is used.
The Four Classes, Over 10 and 5 Years
Ember, windows to 2024 or 2025| Class | Countries, 10 years | Countries, 5 years | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute decoupling | 29 | 35 | Demand growing by more than 0.25 percent a year and CO2 falling by more than 0.25 percent a year |
| Relative decoupling | 35 | 34 | Demand growing, CO2 flat (within 0.25 percent a year of zero) or rising at under 80% of demand's rate |
| Coupled | 50 | 46 | Demand growing and CO2 rising at 80% of demand's rate or faster |
| Demand flat or falling | 37 | 38 | Demand growing by 0.25 percent a year or less, or falling |
Classes are decided on compound annual rates, so the same thresholds apply to both windows. The table below gives the total change over each window.
Did Countries Change Class? 10 Years Against 5
151 countries with both windows| Class over 10 years | 5 years: Absolute decoupling | 5 years: Relative decoupling | 5 years: Coupled | 5 years: Demand flat or falling |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute decoupling | 24 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| Relative decoupling | 6 | 20 | 7 | 2 |
| Coupled | 1 | 7 | 37 | 5 |
| Demand flat or falling | 4 | 3 | 2 | 28 |
Newly decoupled in the last 5 years (coupled or only relatively decoupled over 10 years, absolute over 5): Panama, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Nigeria, North Korea, Sri Lanka, Malta.
Slipped back (absolute decoupling over 10 years, not over the last 5): Ecuador, Brazil, United States, New Caledonia, Angola.
Largest Decouplers: Most Demand Added With CO2 Down
10 years to 2024 or 2025| Country | Window | Demand added | Demand change | CO2 change | CO2 change, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ๐บ๐ธ United States | 2015 to 2025 | +381 TWh | +9.2% | -325 MtCO2 | -16% |
| ๐ง๐ท Brazil | 2015 to 2025 | +160 TWh | +26% | -26 MtCO2 | -24% |
| ๐ฆ๐บ Australia | 2015 to 2025 | +31.9 TWh | +13% | -37 MtCO2 | -20% |
| ๐ฎ๐ฑ Israel | 2015 to 2025 | +16.5 TWh | +28% | -4.03 MtCO2 | -9.1% |
| ๐ต๐พ Paraguay | 2015 to 2025 | +14.9 TWh | +101% | -0.24 MtCO2 | -18% |
Still Coupled: The Biggest Added Emissions
10 years to 2024 or 2025| Country | Window | Demand added | Demand change | CO2 change | CO2 change, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ๐ฎ๐ฉ Indonesia | 2015 to 2025 | +286 TWh | +118% | +203 MtCO2 | +120% |
| ๐ฎ๐ท Iran | 2015 to 2025 | +120 TWh | +43% | +79 MtCO2 | +43% |
| ๐ธ๐ฆ Saudi Arabia | 2015 to 2025 | +121 TWh | +34% | +77 MtCO2 | +32% |
| ๐ป๐ณ Vietnam | 2015 to 2025 | +174 TWh | +107% | +72 MtCO2 | +92% |
| ๐ท๐บ Russia | 2015 to 2025 | +122 TWh | +12% | +59 MtCO2 | +13% |
Every Country: Demand and CO2 Change, 10 and 5 Years
153 countries and the world| Country | Latest year | Demand, latest year | Demand, 10 years | CO2, 10 years | Class, 10 years | Demand, 5 years | CO2, 5 years | Class, 5 years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World | 2025 | 31,925 TWh | +33% | +15% | Relative decoupling | +20% | +12% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ต๐น Portugal | 2025 | 60.4 TWh | +13% | -69% | Absolute decoupling | +14% | -49% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ซ๐ฎ Finland | 2025 | 88.0 TWh | +3.6% | -61% | Absolute decoupling | +4.4% | -46% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฉ๐ฐ Denmark | 2025 | 43.0 TWh | +24% | -53% | Absolute decoupling | +21% | -21% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฐ๐ฌ Kyrgyzstan | 2025 | 16.3 TWh | +21% | -48% | Absolute decoupling | +5.7% | -37% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ณ๐ฑ Netherlands | 2025 | 121 TWh | +2.8% | -43% | Absolute decoupling | +1.4% | -18% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ช๐จ Ecuador | 2025 | 36.6 TWh | +39% | -35% | Absolute decoupling | +21% | +16% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฑ๐ป Latvia | 2025 | 7.63 TWh | +3.7% | -31% | Absolute decoupling | +3.8% | -17% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฎ๐ช Ireland | 2025 | 37.7 TWh | +31% | -31% | Absolute decoupling | +18% | -8.6% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ฑ Chile | 2025 | 88.5 TWh | +18% | -30% | Absolute decoupling | +5.9% | -30% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ญ๐บ Hungary | 2025 | 49.1 TWh | +12% | -28% | Absolute decoupling | +5.4% | -28% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐บ๐พ Uruguay | 2025 | 14.8 TWh | +19% | -28% | Absolute decoupling | +14% | -24% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ต๐ฑ Poland | 2025 | 174 TWh | +5.9% | -25% | Absolute decoupling | +1.9% | -12% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ญ๐ท Croatia | 2025 | 20.0 TWh | +11% | -25% | Absolute decoupling | +12% | -23% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ง๐ท Brazil | 2025 | 775 TWh | +26% | -24% | Absolute decoupling | +19% | -0.5% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ด Colombia | 2025 | 90.7 TWh | +17% | -22% | Absolute decoupling | +15% | -20% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฆ๐บ Australia | 2025 | 286 TWh | +13% | -20% | Absolute decoupling | +7.8% | -13% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฆ๐น Austria | 2025 | 77.4 TWh | +7.7% | -20% | Absolute decoupling | +8.6% | -7.2% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ต๐พ Paraguay | 2025 | 29.7 TWh | +101% | -18% | Absolute decoupling | +59% | -3.4% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ง๐พ Belarus | 2025 | 44.8 TWh | +22% | -17% | Absolute decoupling | +18% | -25% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐บ๐ธ United States | 2025 | 4,532 TWh | +9.2% | -16% | Absolute decoupling | +11% | +4.4% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฆ๐ท Argentina | 2025 | 163 TWh | +5.3% | -15% | Absolute decoupling | +8.9% | -7.2% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฝ๐ฐ Kosovo | 2025 | 7.45 TWh | +19% | -12% | Absolute decoupling | +17% | -17% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ท Costa Rica | 2025 | 12.6 TWh | +18% | -11% | Absolute decoupling | +12% | -3.0% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ท๐ธ Serbia | 2025 | 38.3 TWh | +4.3% | -9.9% | Absolute decoupling | +4.6% | -8.0% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ณ๐ฎ Nicaragua | 2024 | 5.42 TWh | +22% | -9.3% | Absolute decoupling | +8.2% | -11% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฎ๐ฑ Israel | 2025 | 75.5 TWh | +28% | -9.1% | Absolute decoupling | +14% | -9.6% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ณ๐จ New Caledonia | 2024 | 3.12 TWh | +3.7% | -8.3% | Absolute decoupling | -6.3% | -20% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฆ๐ด Angola | 2024 | 15.6 TWh | +63% | -7.1% | Absolute decoupling | -1.5% | -2.4% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ณ๐ด Norway | 2025 | 138 TWh | +7.6% | -6.4% | Absolute decoupling | +3.1% | -3.8% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ต๐ช Peru | 2025 | 60.5 TWh | +26% | -2.4% | Relative decoupling | +14% | +13% | Coupled |
| ๐น๐ญ Thailand | 2025 | 237 TWh | +21% | -2.1% | Relative decoupling | +12% | +2.6% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฐ๐ท South Korea | 2025 | 628 TWh | +15% | -1.8% | Relative decoupling | +8.8% | -0.7% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฑ๐น Lithuania | 2025 | 12.5 TWh | +8.8% | -1.6% | Relative decoupling | -1.3% | +12% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ต๐ฆ Panama | 2024 | 13.3 TWh | +42% | -0.7% | Relative decoupling | +18% | -22% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ง๐ง Barbados | 2024 | 1.11 TWh | +7.8% | 0.0% | Relative decoupling | +4.7% | 0.0% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฟ๐ผ Zimbabwe | 2024 | 12.1 TWh | +24% | +0.5% | Relative decoupling | +26% | +7.9% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฆ๐ช United Arab Emirates | 2025 | 184 TWh | +45% | +0.7% | Relative decoupling | +34% | -2.3% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฌ๐บ Guam | 2024 | 1.86 TWh | +9.4% | +0.9% | Relative decoupling | +6.3% | +2.7% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ฆ Canada | 2025 | 654 TWh | +8.6% | +3.7% | Relative decoupling | +9.2% | +19% | Coupled |
| ๐ฏ๐ด Jordan | 2024 | 23.7 TWh | +27% | +4.3% | Relative decoupling | +15% | +2.4% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐จ๐พ Cyprus | 2025 | 5.77 TWh | +27% | +6.6% | Relative decoupling | +19% | +3.2% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ต๐ฐ Pakistan | 2025 | 172 TWh | +52% | +8.2% | Relative decoupling | +26% | -16% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฏ๐ฒ Jamaica | 2024 | 4.92 TWh | +15% | +8.2% | Relative decoupling | +6.0% | +4.5% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐น๐ผ Taiwan | 2025 | 289 TWh | +12% | +9.0% | Relative decoupling | +3.1% | +0.8% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ณ๐ฌ Nigeria | 2025 | 40.2 TWh | +21% | +9.3% | Relative decoupling | +15% | -3.4% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฉ๐ด Dominican Republic | 2025 | 22.6 TWh | +26% | +12% | Relative decoupling | +16% | +7.5% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฒ๐ฝ Mexico | 2025 | 390 TWh | +26% | +13% | Relative decoupling | +18% | +19% | Coupled |
| ๐น๐ณ Tunisia | 2025 | 25.1 TWh | +30% | +14% | Relative decoupling | +21% | +4.1% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฐ๐ต North Korea | 2024 | 27.1 TWh | +26% | +16% | Relative decoupling | +13% | -21% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฌ๐ช Georgia | 2025 | 14.6 TWh | +35% | +17% | Relative decoupling | +15% | +1.0% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ญ๐ณ Honduras | 2024 | 12.6 TWh | +47% | +18% | Relative decoupling | +16% | +10% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฑ๐ฐ Sri Lanka | 2025 | 18.6 TWh | +41% | +18% | Relative decoupling | +13% | -23% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ฎ Cote d'Ivoire | 2024 | 10.1 TWh | +36% | +21% | Relative decoupling | +5.1% | +7.4% | Coupled |
| ๐ธ๐ฉ Sudan | 2024 | 15.6 TWh | +31% | +23% | Relative decoupling | -5.2% | -45% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ช๐ฌ Egypt | 2025 | 241 TWh | +33% | +25% | Relative decoupling | +22% | +20% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐พ Malaysia | 2025 | 209 TWh | +39% | +27% | Relative decoupling | +21% | +15% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฐ๐ช Kenya | 2025 | 15.6 TWh | +59% | +32% | Relative decoupling | +32% | +59% | Coupled |
| ๐บ๐ฟ Uzbekistan | 2025 | 89.6 TWh | +60% | +36% | Relative decoupling | +30% | +13% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ง๐ด Bolivia | 2025 | 13.6 TWh | +51% | +38% | Relative decoupling | +33% | +32% | Coupled |
| ๐ฎ๐ณ India | 2025 | 2,081 TWh | +59% | +42% | Relative decoupling | +33% | +26% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ณ China | 2025 | 10,486 TWh | +81% | +43% | Relative decoupling | +36% | +18% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ง๐น Bhutan | 2024 | 12.5 TWh | +477% | +53% | Relative decoupling | +379% | +24% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ธ๐ณ Senegal | 2024 | 8.13 TWh | +81% | +60% | Relative decoupling | +32% | +16% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ง๐ซ Burkina Faso | 2024 | 3.19 TWh | +133% | +83% | Relative decoupling | +19% | +5.6% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฆ๐ฟ Azerbaijan | 2025 | 26.2 TWh | +7.5% | +8.8% | Coupled | +6.0% | +1.3% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ท๐บ Russia | 2025 | 1,178 TWh | +12% | +13% | Coupled | +9.6% | +18% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐บ Mauritius | 2024 | 3.41 TWh | +16% | +15% | Coupled | +5.6% | +9.0% | Coupled |
| ๐ง๐ธ Bahamas | 2024 | 2.25 TWh | +17% | +17% | Coupled | +12% | +11% | Coupled |
| ๐ธ๐ฌ Singapore | 2025 | 60.4 TWh | +20% | +17% | Coupled | +14% | +12% | Coupled |
| ๐ฆ๐ฒ Armenia | 2025 | 6.65 TWh | +5.6% | +22% | Coupled | +0.3% | +8.3% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ง๐ณ Brunei | 2024 | 5.56 TWh | +24% | +22% | Coupled | +13% | +12% | Coupled |
| ๐ธ๐พ Syria | 2024 | 24.3 TWh | +15% | +22% | Coupled | +11% | +13% | Coupled |
| ๐ต๐ฌ Papua New Guinea | 2024 | 4.73 TWh | +11% | +26% | Coupled | +11% | +15% | Coupled |
| ๐น๐ท Turkey | 2025 | 352 TWh | +32% | +27% | Coupled | +17% | +15% | Coupled |
| ๐ฐ๐ผ Kuwait | 2025 | 89.5 TWh | +31% | +28% | Coupled | +20% | +17% | Coupled |
| ๐ฆ๐ฑ Albania | 2025 | 7.99 TWh | +9.6% | +29% | Coupled | +5.3% | +38% | Coupled |
| ๐ธ๐ฆ Saudi Arabia | 2025 | 471 TWh | +34% | +32% | Coupled | +24% | +20% | Coupled |
| ๐ฐ๐ฟ Kazakhstan | 2025 | 126 TWh | +37% | +32% | Coupled | +16% | +11% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ถ๐ฆ Qatar | 2025 | 57.2 TWh | +37% | +33% | Coupled | +16% | +12% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฒ๐น Malta | 2025 | 3.26 TWh | +39% | +35% | Coupled | +27% | -1.8% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฌ๐ฆ Gabon | 2024 | 3.18 TWh | +34% | +37% | Coupled | -5.6% | +8.7% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ง๐ญ Bahrain | 2024 | 38.4 TWh | +41% | +39% | Coupled | +16% | +14% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐ฆ Morocco | 2025 | 47.9 TWh | +37% | +39% | Coupled | +23% | +6.2% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฌ๐พ Guyana | 2024 | 1.38 TWh | +38% | +39% | Coupled | +20% | +20% | Coupled |
| ๐ฎ๐ท Iran | 2025 | 397 TWh | +43% | +43% | Coupled | +20% | +23% | Coupled |
| ๐ฌ๐น Guatemala | 2024 | 16.4 TWh | +61% | +48% | Coupled | +40% | +3.0% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฉ๐ฟ Algeria | 2024 | 93.8 TWh | +46% | +49% | Coupled | +15% | +18% | Coupled |
| ๐ง๐ผ Botswana | 2024 | 4.67 TWh | +17% | +49% | Coupled | +33% | +36% | Coupled |
| ๐ฌ๐ถ Equatorial Guinea | 2024 | 1.49 TWh | +37% | +52% | Coupled | +6.4% | +14% | Coupled |
| ๐น๐ฟ Tanzania | 2024 | 9.03 TWh | +43% | +53% | Coupled | +15% | +16% | Coupled |
| ๐ด๐ฒ Oman | 2025 | 53.1 TWh | +62% | +54% | Coupled | +39% | +33% | Coupled |
| ๐น๐ฒ Turkmenistan | 2024 | 24.0 TWh | +40% | +62% | Coupled | +24% | +47% | Coupled |
| ๐ต๐ญ Philippines | 2025 | 123 TWh | +49% | +63% | Coupled | +21% | +19% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐ณ Mongolia | 2025 | 12.6 TWh | +83% | +67% | Coupled | +52% | +49% | Coupled |
| ๐ง๐ฉ Bangladesh | 2025 | 118 TWh | +88% | +80% | Coupled | +28% | +24% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐ฌ Madagascar | 2024 | 2.43 TWh | +41% | +81% | Coupled | -1.6% | -6.3% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐บ๐ฌ Uganda | 2024 | 5.37 TWh | +73% | +89% | Coupled | +25% | +36% | Coupled |
| ๐ป๐ณ Vietnam | 2025 | 337 TWh | +107% | +92% | Coupled | +37% | +16% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ฒ๐ท Mauritania | 2024 | 2.37 TWh | +96% | +98% | Coupled | +34% | +45% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐ฒ Myanmar | 2024 | 21.9 TWh | +52% | +107% | Coupled | +21% | +35% | Coupled |
| ๐จ๐ฉ Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2024 | 17.4 TWh | +77% | +110% | Coupled | +37% | +52% | Coupled |
| ๐ฎ๐ฉ Indonesia | 2025 | 529 TWh | +118% | +120% | Coupled | +80% | +86% | Coupled |
| ๐ฎ๐ถ Iraq | 2024 | 157 TWh | +101% | +130% | Coupled | +29% | +33% | Coupled |
| ๐ง๐ฏ Benin | 2024 | 2.31 TWh | +64% | +164% | Coupled | +42% | +81% | Coupled |
| ๐ณ๐ต Nepal | 2024 | 11.0 TWh | +113% | +200% | Coupled | +42% | +80% | Coupled |
| ๐น๐ฏ Tajikistan | 2025 | 18.8 TWh | +19% | +211% | Coupled | +1.2% | -21% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฌ๐ญ Ghana | 2024 | 21.8 TWh | +73% | +223% | Coupled | +36% | +58% | Coupled |
| ๐ช๐น Ethiopia | 2025 | 31.0 TWh | +220% | +225% | Coupled | +122% | +105% | Coupled |
| ๐ฟ๐ฒ Zambia | 2024 | 16.6 TWh | +25% | +300% | Coupled | +18% | +16% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐ฑ Mali | 2024 | 5.46 TWh | +142% | +332% | Coupled | +41% | +101% | Coupled |
| ๐ฐ๐ญ Cambodia | 2025 | 22.4 TWh | +271% | +343% | Coupled | +97% | +206% | Coupled |
| ๐ฒ๐ฟ Mozambique | 2024 | 16.5 TWh | +15% | +383% | Coupled | -0.1% | -13% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐จ๐ฌ Republic of the Congo | 2024 | 5.38 TWh | +206% | +421% | Coupled | +39% | +53% | Coupled |
| ๐ฑ๐ฆ Laos | 2024 | 15.6 TWh | +229% | +3,272% | Coupled | +84% | +11% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ป๐ช Venezuela | 2024 | 80.1 TWh | -30% | -83% | Demand flat or falling | -4.9% | -75% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฑ๐ง Lebanon | 2024 | 5.34 TWh | -71% | -82% | Demand flat or falling | -75% | -85% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ช๐ช Estonia | 2025 | 8.85 TWh | -4.1% | -66% | Demand flat or falling | -9.0% | -20% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ธ๐ป El Salvador | 2025 | 6.18 TWh | -11% | -66% | Demand flat or falling | -13% | -35% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฒ๐ฉ Moldova | 2025 | 5.52 TWh | -8.9% | -64% | Demand flat or falling | -13% | -64% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฒ๐ช Montenegro | 2025 | 3.46 TWh | -1.7% | -57% | Demand flat or falling | -0.3% | -60% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ง๐ฌ Bulgaria | 2025 | 36.8 TWh | -3.6% | -56% | Demand flat or falling | +0.1% | -32% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom | 2025 | 312 TWh | -13% | -53% | Demand flat or falling | -4.0% | -15% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ช๐ธ Spain | 2025 | 276 TWh | -0.5% | -51% | Demand flat or falling | +4.9% | -14% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฉ๐ช Germany | 2025 | 517 TWh | -13% | -48% | Demand flat or falling | -5.7% | -18% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฑ๐บ Luxembourg | 2025 | 6.53 TWh | -5.9% | -47% | Demand flat or falling | -2.2% | -5.0% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ท๐ด Romania | 2025 | 53.5 TWh | -9.2% | -47% | Demand flat or falling | -7.7% | -16% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐พ๐ช Yemen | 2024 | 5.25 TWh | -31% | -44% | Demand flat or falling | +60% | +61% | Coupled |
| ๐ธ๐ฎ Slovenia | 2025 | 14.4 TWh | -2.6% | -42% | Demand flat or falling | -3.6% | -42% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ธ๐ฐ Slovakia | 2025 | 26.7 TWh | -7.9% | -42% | Demand flat or falling | -7.3% | -39% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฌ๐ท Greece | 2025 | 54.9 TWh | -9.5% | -39% | Demand flat or falling | -2.6% | -6.4% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ธ๐ท Suriname | 2024 | 1.74 TWh | -4.4% | -34% | Demand flat or falling | -15% | -23% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐จ๐ฟ Czechia | 2025 | 68.1 TWh | -2.7% | -34% | Demand flat or falling | -2.6% | -18% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฎ๐น Italy | 2025 | 312 TWh | -4.3% | -32% | Demand flat or falling | +1.0% | -18% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand | 2025 | 44.0 TWh | +1.0% | -32% | Demand flat or falling | +1.5% | -31% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ซ๐ท France | 2025 | 481 TWh | -5.8% | -30% | Demand flat or falling | -0.3% | -24% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฒ๐ผ Malawi | 2024 | 1.81 TWh | -16% | -29% | Demand flat or falling | +1.7% | 0.0% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ญ๐ฐ Hong Kong | 2024 | 48.8 TWh | +0.0% | -26% | Demand flat or falling | -1.0% | -12% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ง๐ช Belgium | 2025 | 85.5 TWh | -4.4% | -26% | Demand flat or falling | -2.8% | -26% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ง๐ฆ Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2025 | 12.3 TWh | -14% | -24% | Demand flat or falling | -3.8% | -30% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฏ๐ต Japan | 2025 | 1,027 TWh | -0.3% | -18% | Demand flat or falling | +1.6% | -8.8% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐จ๐ฒ Cameroon | 2024 | 7.32 TWh | -3.7% | -15% | Demand flat or falling | -12% | -35% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฒ๐ฐ North Macedonia | 2025 | 8.03 TWh | -1.6% | -15% | Demand flat or falling | +4.7% | -9.0% | Absolute decoupling |
| ๐ฟ๐ฆ South Africa | 2025 | 237 TWh | -4.7% | -14% | Demand flat or falling | -0.0% | -7.6% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ต๐ท Puerto Rico | 2025 | 19.5 TWh | -6.5% | -10.0% | Demand flat or falling | +2.5% | +0.5% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ธ๐ช Sweden | 2025 | 137 TWh | -2.0% | -9.2% | Demand flat or falling | -1.6% | -4.9% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฑ๐พ Libya | 2024 | 34.6 TWh | -8.5% | -2.8% | Demand flat or falling | -2.3% | +1.9% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐จ๐บ Cuba | 2024 | 19.4 TWh | 0.0% | -0.2% | Demand flat or falling | -6.1% | -5.9% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฎ๐ธ Iceland | 2025 | 18.3 TWh | -1.5% | 0.0% | Demand flat or falling | -3.3% | -3.8% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐น๐น Trinidad and Tobago | 2024 | 9.55 TWh | +1.5% | +1.4% | Demand flat or falling | +3.8% | +3.8% | Coupled |
| ๐จ๐ญ Switzerland | 2025 | 65.2 TWh | +0.2% | +8.1% | Demand flat or falling | +3.5% | +1.6% | Relative decoupling |
| ๐ณ๐ฆ Namibia | 2024 | 4.04 TWh | -6.7% | +125% | Demand flat or falling | -8.6% | +12% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ซ๐ฏ Fiji | 2024 | 1.15 TWh | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.9% | -8.6% | Demand flat or falling |
| ๐ฌ๐ณ Guinea | 2024 | 4.03 TWh | n/a | n/a | n/a | +97% | +40% | Relative decoupling |
Changes are totals over the window, from the base year (10 or 5 years before the latest year) to the latest year. The World row uses Ember's World region on the same rules and is not counted in the totals above. n/a means the window cannot be measured for that country.
How This Is Measured
Ember annual statistics to 2025- Demand is Ember's annual electricity demand (generation plus net imports) in TWh. Every country in the table has a demand figure. Emissions are Ember's power sector CO2 in MtCO2, a modelled estimate.
- Each window runs from a base year to the country's own latest year (2024 or 2025). The annual rate is the compound rate between the two years, in percent a year, so the 10 year and 5 year windows use the same thresholds. The table shows the total change over the window.
- Demand is growing when its rate is above 0.25 percent a year. If not, the country is "demand flat or falling".
- Absolute decoupling: demand growing and emissions falling by more than 0.25 percent a year. Relative decoupling: demand growing and emissions flat (within 0.25 percent a year of zero) or rising at less than 80% of demand's rate. Coupled: demand growing and emissions rising at 80% of demand's rate or faster.
- Grids with under 1 TWh of demand at either end are left out, as are countries whose latest year is before 2024. A grid with no emissions at the start and some at the end has no rate and is left out; zero at both ends counts as no change.
- Decoupling here is electricity demand against power sector emissions, not economic output. The site has no GDP series, and none is estimated.
More on sources and licences: methodology.
Questions About Decoupling
Which countries have grown electricity demand while cutting power sector CO2?
29 of 151 countries over the 10 years to 2024 or 2025, led by the United States, Brazil and Australia by demand added. The full table lists every country with its demand and CO2 change over 10 and 5 years.
What counts as decoupling on this page?
Absolute decoupling is demand growing by more than 0.25 percent a year while power sector CO2 falls by more than 0.25 percent a year. Relative decoupling is emissions flat or rising at less than 80% of the rate of demand. Coupled means emissions rise at 80% of demand's rate or faster.
Does this use GDP?
No. The site has no GDP data, so decoupling here compares electricity demand with power sector CO2 only. A country can decouple power emissions from power demand while its economy does something else.
Which countries are left out?
Of the 215 countries in the export, 153 are included. 62 were left out: 18 whose latest year is before 2024, 42 that generated under 1 TWh and 2 with under 1 TWh of demand at the start or end of the window. 151 have a 10 year window and 153 a 5 year window. Windows end in each country's own latest Ember year (2024 or 2025).
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025. Annual statistics from Ember. Each country is measured to its own latest year (2024 or 2025). Power sector CO2 is Ember's modelled estimate.
Related
Cite this page
APA 7
World Power Monitor. (2025). Decoupling: Countries Growing Power Demand While Cutting CO2. https://worldpowermonitor.com/decoupling/
Plain text
World Power Monitor. Decoupling: Countries Growing Power Demand While Cutting CO2. Data as of 2025. Data from Ember. https://worldpowermonitor.com/decoupling/
BibTeX
@misc{wpm_decoupling_2025,
title = {{Decoupling: Countries Growing Power Demand While Cutting CO2}},
author = {{World Power Monitor}},
year = {2025},
note = {Data as of 2025. Data from Ember.},
url = {https://worldpowermonitor.com/decoupling/}
} Permalink: https://worldpowermonitor.com/decoupling/
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